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| Archaeological
rest exist that prove the existence of slumses in the terraces of
the Manzanares river in the place that today occupies the city.
Nevertheless, the first certainty of the existence of a stable establishment
data of the Muslim time. In second half of century IX, the Emir
of Cordova Muhammad I (852-886) constructs a strength in a promontory
next to the river (in the place that today occupies the Real Palace)
in order to watch the passages of the mountain range of Guadarrama
and to be departure point of razzias against the Christian kingdoms
of the north. Next to the strength a small suburb is developed to
the east. This population receives the name of Magerit (Castilian corruption of the Arab name Mayrit). With the fall of the kingdom taifa of Toledo into the hands of Alfonso I SAW of Castile, the city happens to Christian hands in 1085. The city is prospering and receives the title of villa in 1123. The sovereigns of the house of Trastamara frequently reside in the villa due to the abundance and quality of their boundaries of hunting, to which very they are become fond of. To the arrival to Castile of king Carlos I in 1520, Madrid is united to the Communities of Castile against the king. After the defeat of the comuneros in Villalar, Madrid is besieged and occupied by the real troops. In spite of all it, the successor of Carlos I, Felipe II decides to install the cut in Madrid in 1561. This fact would be decisive for the evolution of the city and would cause that the ups and downs of the country and the monarchy, in greater or smaller measurement, influenced in the one of the city. Except for a testimonial period between 1601 and 1606 in which the cut is transferred to Valladolid, the capital will be consustancial to Madrid during the rest of its history and to the present time. With the establishment of the cut in Madrid, its population begins to grow of significant form. To the real bureaucracy, the members of the cut and all the necessary people for their sustenance, are united dispossessed and homeless of all the empire. In 1625, Felipe IV demolishes the wall of the city, already exceeded and builds the one that will be the last one near Madrid. This close he will restrict the growth of the city until century XIX. The government tasks centralize in the Real, joint Palace of constructions located in the lands that today occupy the Real Palace and the Seat of East. Parallelly, a palace in the other end of the city is constructed, beyond close. One is the Palace of the Good Retirement. The change of dynasty will bring beneficial consequences to the city. This one had happened in a dark population, of narrow streets, amassed, without sewage systems and definitively pestilence. The Borbones considers the necessity to compare Madrid with other European capitals. The fire of the Real Palace in 1734 (unfortunate event that causes the disappearance of one third part of the real painting collection) is the excuse to construct a real palace to the French style, the Real Palace. The works would last until 1755 and the one would not be occupied until the reign of Carlos III Is probably this king that made more to clean up and to embellish the city. Bridges, hospitals, parks, fountains, buildings for the scientific use, decrees of sewage system... are responsibility of this king, who counts on a handful of architects and exceptional city planners: Francesco Sabatini, Luck Rodriguez, Juan de Villanueva, to mention some. The project of the Hall the Prado, in the outskirts, between the set of the Good Retirement and close, is probably most important and the one than has left one more a more important inheritance to the city: the strolls of the Prado and Recoletos, the fountains of Neptune, Cibeles and Apolo, the Real Botanical Garden, the Astronomical observatory, the Cabinet of Natural History (today Museum of the Prado)... Century XIX enters Madrid with bloody events. The rise of the town of Madrid against the French troops the 2 of May of 1808 marks the principle of the war of Independence. In spite of the effect more than beneficial of his reign for Madrid (mote of king squares by its orders to demolish convents and churches to make seats and to puff up the city), Jose Bonaparte never obtains the esteem of the Madrilenians and by three times he must flee from Madrid, being last of them the definitive one. The liberation of the city is settled with the destruction of valuable enclosures, like the Palace of the Good Retirement. During century XIX, the population of the city continues growing. In 1860 it is demolished finally near Felipe IV and the city can grow, in principle of a ordered form, thanks to the plan I castrate and the accomplishment of the extensions. In spite of it, at the beginning of century XX, Madrid it still conserved more own outlines of one old villa that of a modern city. In the first 30 years of century XX, the Madrilenian population almost reachs the million inhabitants. The infrastructural necessities that this growth brought with himself fomented the absorption, following the routes of radio communications, of population centers, until then separated of Madrid: towards the southwest the Carabancheles (High and Low); towards the north, Chamartín of the Rose, by the highway of Valencia, Vallecas; by the highway of Aragón, Vicálvaro and Canillejas and by the highway of Towns, Fuencarral. New suburbs like the Sales, Tetuán or the Carmen gave workers welcome to just arrived, while in the extensions the Madrilenian bourgeoisie settled. These transformations fomented the idea of the Linear City, of Arturo Soria. Parallelly the Great one was opened Via, with the purpose of clearing the 'casco viejo' and the meter in 1919 was inaugurated. Year 1931 sees the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic that is proclaimed in the House of Post office of the Door of the Sun before a aroused multitude. In 1936 the civil war explodes. The revolt in Madrid fails and the city is in the side of the Republic. Nevertheless, the incited to rebellion troops easily advance by Andalusia, Extremadura and Toledo, standing in November of 1936 to the doors of Madrid. The resistance of the military services, soon militarized in form of Popular Army and directed by the Meeting of Defense of Madrid, is able to restrain the offensive in the same limit of the city. The zone the northwest (the district of Argfüelles and the University City), that formed the front, is damaged seriously. These episodes are known as battle Madrid. Luckyly, the city will not return to under a direct attempt to take it during the rest of the war. Finished the war, the city follows its unstoppable growth space. Hundreds of thousands of Spaniards emigrate from the field to the city. Madrid (along with Barcelona or Bilbao) is one of the cities that benefit more from these movements of population. During years 1940, Madrid was being annexed up to fourteen bordering municipalities (Aravaca, Barajas, Taps, Canillejas, Chamartín of the Rose, Fuencarral, Hortaleza, the Brown, Vallecas, Vicálvaro, Villaverde, Carabanchel Alto and Carabanchel Under). The Plan of Arrangement of the Metropolitan Area, approved in 1963, initiated the tendency to turn aside the population concentration of Madrid towards metropolitan municipalities like, Alcorcón, Alcobendas, Coslada, Fuenlabrada, Getafe, Leganés, Móstoles, San Sebastián of Kings and San Fernando de Henares. In 1973 the M-30 is inaugurated, the first belt of circumvallation of the city. After the death of Franc and the restoration a democratic regime, the 1978 constitution confirms to Madrid like capital of Spain. In 1979, the first municipal elections of the democracy bring to Madrid the first chosen mayor democratically from II the Republic. The first democratic mayors will belong to the left parties (Tender Enrique Galván, Juan Precipice), turning the city to more preservative positions later (Agustín Rodriguez Sahagún, Jose Maria Alvarez of Manzano and Alberto Ruiz Gallardón). The democratic election of mayors brings definitively great benefits to the city, when seeing itself forced the mayors to improve the quality of life of the citizens, before whom they respond (the pro-Franco mayors were chosen directly by Franco): sport construction of libraries, facilities, centers of health; elimination of the homeless; improvement of the roadway; it closes of the M-30; cleaning of the Manzanares river... In century XXI, the city continues approaching new challenges: maintenance of the population within the urban nucleus (Madrid is the municipality of Spain in which the increase of the price of the house has been greater); expansion of the city (with the creation of new districts like Ensanche de Vallecas, Extension of Carabanchel, Montecar it to me, Stream of the Ash, the Tables, Sanchinarro, Valdebebas...); absorption and integration of the immigration that goes to the city. Places of interest The Door of the Sun:  Is one of the most well-known and concurred places of Madrid. Here one is the kilometer zero of the Spanish highways and clock whose campanadas, 12 at night the 31 of December of every year, mark to the traditional taking of the 12 grapes and the beginning of a new year to the great majority of the Spaniards. It was begun to televise each December 31, since 1962. The Door of the Sun was in its origins one of the accesses of close that Madrid in century XV surrounded. This close it gathered in his perimeter the medieval suburbs that had been growing extrawalls, around the Christian wall of century XII. The name of the door comes from a sun that adorned the entrance, placed to be oriented the door there towards the East. Although from centuries XVII to the XIX the zone had importance as encounter place (one of the most famous mentideros of the villa was here from the Century of Gold, the famous launching slips of San Felipe), was not a seat defined as the Greater Seat, occupying half of the present space. It is the construction of the House of Post office (constructed by French architect Maquet between 1766 and 1768; it was later Ministry of the Interior (Inner) and Main directorate of Security of the State during the pro-Franco and at the moment host dictatorship of the Presidency of the Community of Madrid), the one that begins to lay the the city-planning foundations of which today it is the Door of the Sun and its increasing importance like centric point of Madrid. After the conversion of the House of Post office in seat of the Ministry (1847), it is decided to demolish some houses of the zone to heighten the building and to give security him. The result would be the creation of a great seat. For it, in application of the laws of confiscation of Mendizábal, they are demolished, among others, the convents of San Felipe and Our Lady of the Victories located there. Between 1857 and 1862, Bright one of the Valley, Juan Creek and Jose Morer they carry out the reform of the seat, giving him its present appearance. For it they maintain the alignment of the House of Post office in one of the sides and construct buildings of houses with uniform facades defining a space of semicircular form. In 1959 a landscaped zone is reformed by Manuel Blacksmith Palaces incorporating in its center and the fountains. In 1986 architects Antonio Riviere, Javier Ortega and Antonio González Capital introduce a new reform, taking more importance the peatonal zone. The history of the Door of the Sun is plagued of indicated events, between which is the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931 or the murder of the president of the Cabinet, Jose Canalejas in 1912. Between the ornamentales elements of the Door of the Sun one is the statue of the Bear and the Madroño, of about four meters of height, work of Navarrese Antonio Santa Fe or the ecuestre statue of Carlos III, bronze reproduction of Miguel Angel Rodriguez and Eduardo Stride of the work of Paschal Juan of Mena that is conserved in the Real Academy of Beautiful Arts of San Fernando. The inscription in spiral that surrounds the pedestal briefly counts the history of the reign of Carlos III. The monument measures nine meters of height and was inaugurated in 1994. Seat of East: located to the east of the Real Palace of Madrid, and called by this of East. It was created by king Jose I Bonaparte, who ordered to demolish the buildings of the zone in order to provide amplitude to the palace and relief to the city. Separated of the palace itself by the street of Bailén, the recent remodeling has buried this street, so that the seat arrives until the facade this of the palace. The seat is limited the east by the Real Theater, is adorned with sculptures of kings of Spain. This group of sculptures comprises of a series dedicated to all the monarchs of Spain, commanded to do for the decoration of the Real Palace of Madrid during the reign of Fernando I SAW. At first the idea was that they adorned the cornice of the palace, but never arrived at its destiny and they were placed in different places from the city, as the own seat of East, the Retirement, gardens of Sabatini, park of the Whim of the Tree-lined avenue of Osuna, door of Toledo and some took to other provinces; in Pamplona they are the Navarrese kings, in the Stroll of Sarasate. The authors are Domenico Olivieri and Felipe de Castro. Architecture The Real Palace of Madrid:  Is the official residence His Majesty the King of Spain, located in the capital, Madrid. Although the Real Palace of Madrid continues being the official residence of the king, who uses it in the ceremonies of State. Nevertheless, no longer it lives in him (but in one more a more modest residence, the Palace of the Zarzuela). He is one of the multiple palaces managed by National Patrimony. Of barroco/neoclassic style. Its origin goes back to the century IX in which Cordovan Emir Muhammad I constructed a defensive construction. After its conquest by Alfonso I SAW two centuries later, the primitive Muslim castle is transformed into a palace that is extended successively throughout the centuries by the crown until becoming seat of the cut with Felipe II. The Old Palace succumbed to a fire in the Christmas Eve of 1734 and was Felipe V who wished that the palace was constructed in this same place, symbolizing the continuity of the Spanish Monarchy with the House of Borbón. The works began in 1738 and finalized in 1755. In 1764 Carlos III it established his residence in him. The architects of the palace were Juan Sachetti Baptist with the aid of Luck Rodriguez, Sabatini (to whom they must the wing that he gives to the street of Bailén, the stables and the imperial stairs) and Scirmento. The Marquess of Balbueno was the administrator of the bottoms destined to the construction of the new Palace. Of quadrangular layout, the palace is organized around a great central patio, where the facades, in which it was used granite, white stone of Colmenar and marble for reliefs and details, are inspired by which Bernini for the Louvre made in 1665. The cash settlement of the facades consists of two bodies: a socle backing and a final stage of jónico order with gigantic pilasters, finished off by cornice and balustrade. The palace is the greater one of all western Europe, occupying an extension of 135,000 m². It has three plants and four entreplantas, underneath and upon each one of the main ones. The facades of the palace measure 130 meters of side by 33 of stop. Exiten 870 windows and 240 balconies that open to facades and patio. The surface ascends to 100,000 square meters, and counts on 44 stairs and more than 30 main halls. Significant elements of the palace are: . The Hall the Throne . The Hall and Door of the Prince . The Quarter of Carlos III . The Hall the Mirrors . The Hall the Columns the Hall . The Halberdiers the Real Armory The palace rich is decorated by artists like Goya, Velázquez, El Greco, Rubens, Tiepolo, Mengs and Caravaggio. Diverse real collections of great historical importance also stay palacion, including the Real Armory with arms and armors that date from century XIII in ahead, as well as the greater world-wide collection of Stradivarius, as well as collections of carpets, porcelain, furniture, and other works of art of great historical importance. It arranges in addition to a series of adjacent gardens, as they are the Field of the Moor (to the west, between the palace and the Manzanares river) and the Gardens of Sabatini (to the north). To the east of the palace is the Seat of East (separated of the palace by the street of Bailén). To the south an immense seat exists, the Seat of the Armory, surrounded by wings of the palace. To the south of this seat is the Cathedral of the Almudena. The Temple of Debod:  It is located to the east of the Seat of Spain, next to the Stroll of Rosales Painter (Park of the West), in a stop where the Quarter of the Mountain was located (in which a bloody episode of the Spanish Civil War took place). To the being transferred to Spain, it was located so that it had the same direction that in its place of origin, of this a the west. The Temple of Debod went a gift from Egypt to Spain (year 1968), in compensation by the Spanish aid, after the international call made by UNESCO for the rescue of the temples of Nubia (Abu Simbel among them), in danger of disappearance due to the construction of the prey of Asuán. Egypt donated four of the temples saved to different collaborating nations: Dendur to the United States (one is at the moment in the Metropolitan Museum of New York), Ellesiya to Italy, Taffa to Holland and Debod to Spain. An age of about 2200 years calculates to him. AdC was constructed by the king nubio Adijalamani de Meroe towards the 200-180 and dedicated to the cult of the Egyptian Gods Amón and Isis. It has added of the ptolemaica and Roman-imperial time (century I adC and II d.C.). In its new location, it was inaugurated in July of 1972 by Navarrese Carlos Aryan, mayor of Madrid. History of the temple: The king nubio Adijalamani de Meroe, commanded to construct towards year 200 BC a chapel in honor of the God Amón, in the locality of Debod, to the south of Egypt. One is the well-known chapel like chapel of the reliefs, where referred inscriptions can be seen Amón de Debod. In the reliefs of the chapel they also appear ritual scenes where one says that king Adijalamani commands to construct the monument in honor of his Amón father and who Amón lives in Debod. At ptolemaica time the sanctuary with new stays was extended, because during her the cult to the Isis goddess acquired great importance. Ptolomeo VIII (Evergetes) dedicated in the temple naos to Isis and added another room to the initial chapel. Ptolomeo XII dedicated another naos to the God Amón. Of the arrival of the Romans and the incorporation from Egypt to the Empire, new works took control of engrandecimiento in the temple: . Construction of pronaos with a facade with a door adorned by two columns to both sides . Reliefs in the main facade . Decoration of the inner walls of the pronaos and the outer intercolumns . Construction of an annexed building, leaned to the temple, call 'mammisi' Later, Justiniano emperor (century I AC) decreed the closing of the pagan temples in all the empire. With this decree, the Egyptian temples dedicated to the traditional Gods also were closed. The pagan cult in the temple of I cased out was eliminated and its enclosure occupied by a Christian community that consecrated the temple to San Esteban. The first exact description of the building that was had in Europe elaborated in 1813, when Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt was sent to inspect and to detail the zone by order of Napoleón. Throughout century XIX, the temple again was visited by explorers and egyptologys that offered a graphical description and showed the world their gradual deterioration. When in 1907 the first prey of Asuán was constructed in that territory (well-known like the imprisoned loss), the temple was affected to a great extent, because it remained nueves almost months to the year under waters. It was then when many of their policromías were lost and some of his reliefs. The arenaceous one also underwent a great wearing down. This erosion caused by waters of the Nile was added to the flaws that the 1868 earthquake had caused in its day. At sight of these damages, the Service of Antiques of Egypt asked the Egyptian architect al-Barsanti that came to its restoration. After concluded the work, the German Günther Roeder carried out an exhaustive study with photographic documentation, drawings of planes, cash settlements and commentaries. After these ups and downs, the history of the temple arrives at the year 1961, in which, because of the construction of the new prey of Asuán, their stones were disassembled and deposited in the Elefantina island until their later transfer to the port of Alexandria. From this port it made his final trip to arriving at Spain. Transfer from the temple to Spain: In year 1960 a rescue team for monuments of Nubia instituted itself in Spain. Spanish Committee was called and his director was the professor and Spanish archaeologist Martín Almagro Basch, who collaborated in the excavation of the deposits of Nubia in Egypt and Sudan. Nevertheless, the works of excavation in the foundations of the temple of Debod did not carry out the Spanish Committee, but the Service to them of Antiques of Egypt. UNESCO ordered the work to copy all the inscriptions from the temple to the egyptologys François Daumas and Philippe Derchain. Once disassembled the temple in 1961, it was taken to the Elefantina island, that was located river down, in front of to the prey of Asuán. There they remained all the stone blocks until the month of April of 1970, in that they traveled again until Alexandria. In June 6th of that same year, the packed boxes that contained the blocks of the temple of Debod were embarked in the Benisa ship and arrived at the port from Valencia (Spain) day 18 of that same month. From Valencia they were transported in trucks to Madrid, where they were stored in the lot of the Quarter of the Mountain. The task of the Spanish archaeologists under the direction of Martín Almagro was difficult, because the Service of Antiques of Egypt only gave to a plane and a sketch of the cash settlement of the monument, along with some photographies without reference of no class. More than one hundred blocks there were lost the numeration and many fragments took a mark that did not correspond to the plane. Restoration and reconstruction: In the first place a stone base was constructed with the purpose of isolating the original blocks of the temple and that the ground did not have contact with them. On the plinth the reconstruction began, following the called technique anastylosis; that is to say, placing in its place the original elements found and adding the parts of reconstruction with a stone of different color, to be able to distinguish the old and original elements of the new ones. The stone was engaged in of Salamanca. Some outer blocks were treated chemically to protect them and to reinforce them. In the interior of the building conditioned air settled hot to create a dry atmosphere similar to the climate of Nubia. And like memory to the river that had the temple in its proximities, a pool of little depth throughout the three vestibules from access was constructed to the temple. The works of reconstruction of the monument lasted two years. Its inauguration was in July 20, of 1972. Cathedral of the Almudena:  The cathedral of Santa Maria of the Almudena is the catholic cathedral of Madrid. One is a temple of 102 meters in length and 73 of height with a mixture of different styles: neoclassic in the outside, neogothic in the interior and neoRomanesque in cripta. The facade, of orders superposed between two towers, gives the seat of the Armory, opposite of the Real Palace of Madrid. On the cruise of the temple a double cupola rises outer and inner, with octogonal drum in which four great windows are opened. Unlike other cathedrals, with an East-West direction, the one of the Almudena it has a direction the north-south, fruit of his conception like integral part of the set of the Real Palace of Madrid. It is constructed in stone of Novelda (Alicante) and granite of the quarries of Old Colmenar (Madrid). History Cathedral of the Almudena: Desires to construct a cathedral in Madrid go back to century XVI, during the reign of Felipe II (according to a report of 1567 by the universal good of the villa and its earth, it concerns and it has great necessity who becomes in her a church cathedral and head of Bishopric). Nevertheless, upset as he were the monarch in the project of the Monastery of the Dump, any action was not carried out. Another powerful reason was the absence of bishopric in Madrid. In effect, the capital belonged to the diocese of Toledo, whose archbishop always was against to the segregation of the capital of the 'diócese toledana'. Always under real sponsorship, were several later attempts. For example, during century XVIII several projects considered, among them those of Sachetti and Ventura Rodriguez. Nevertheless, it was not until the April 4 of 1883 when king Alfonso XII put the first stone of the future cathedral of Madrid (then simply an inheriting parish of the one of Santa the Maria, oldest of Madrid, demolished in 1868) in lands that, through queen Mercedes, devotee of the Virgin of the Almudena, are yielded by the Real Patrimony in 1879, next to the seat of the Armory, opposite of the Real Palace. Definitive accolade would be the creation of the 'diócese' of Madrid-Alcala by means of bula given by Leon XIII (while the cathedral was constructed, the old jesuítica church of the Imperial School, that at that moment had the colegiata consideration, under the invocation of san Isidro, passed to be the cathedral temple of new diócesis). The Marquess of Cubas, in charge of the project, reformed its initial project as parochial church proposing an imposing neogothic cathedral (following the prevailing fashion in Europe by influence of Viollet-him-Duc). The works began by cript, constructed in style neoromanesque, with access by Cuesta of the Fertile valley and that was not opened to the cult until 1911, once concluded by Enrique Maria Repullés. At that same time the first pillars rose but the works were practically left until 1950, year in which Crooked Fernando Goitia and Carlos Sidro gain the aid summoned for the completion of works. The character of the temple changes then since, although the gothic style of the primitive project for the interior of the cathedral stays, the outside is neoclassic, being this one to the aspect that it has at the moment. In this way, the cathedral would be integrated with the surroundings, also neoclassic, of the Real. The Palace works continued until its paralyzation in 1965, before the lack of bottoms and support of the city council. Almost twenty years passed until, in 1984, a patronage was created that obtained to the support of institutions public (that included the city council and the government of the nation, both into the hands of politicians of left) and deprived to finalize works. The cathedral was consecrated by the Pope Juan Pablo II the 15 of June of 1993, taking the relief from the colegiata of San Isidro, that had been the provisional cathedral of Madrid from 1885. In 2005 was inaugurated a exhibition on Inmaculada and Spain, organized by the Foundation the Ages of the Man. Cathedral dimensions: . Length overall: 102 meters . Length of the central ship: 82 meters . Length of the cruise: 68 meters . Height of the cupola until the cross: 73 meters . Height of the towers of the facade until the vane: 60 meters . Wide of the main ship: 12,5 meters . Wide ms of the lateral ships: 6 meters . Wide of the chapels: 6 meters . Total surface: 4.800 m² San Jeronimo the Real one: The convent of San Jerónimo "the Real one" was one of most important of Madrid, although of him already the church and claustro only have left, although very deteriorated this last one. Although previously Enrique IV "the Impotent one" had already commanded to construct another monastery of Hieronymites to borders of the Manzanares in 1463, and shortly after, in 1470 he had equipped to the congregation with prebendas and privilege to collect taxes, is something later at the end of century XV when Catholic Kings order the construction in Madrid of a monastery of Hieronymite friars that served as aposento to the Royal Family in its stays in the villa. This monastery San Jerónimo was made in very delayed gothic style with Renaissance influence. In century XVI, Felipe II extends the call Fourth Real one, quarters destined to the lodging of the monarchs and that would be germ of the future Palace of the Good Retirement that would grow San Jerónimo together "the Real one". The Fourth Real one was next to the side of the Gospel of presbiterio, of such luck that the king could listen to mass from his dormitory, custom that also is clear in the design and distribution of the Monastery of the Dump. During the War of Independence, the monastery, as the annexed palace, stayed damaged seriously. As a result of this, Fernando VII turns the monastery quarter of Artillery. Years later, Don Francisco de Asís, consorte of Isabel II order to Paschal Narcissus and Colorner the restoration of the church, fruit of which is the towers of their head, which they flank the apse. Later, in 1878 the temple to the archbishopric, that undertakes new reforms that will equip it with their present aspect, and in that is yielded the inside will be completely remodelado eliminating the existing tribunes of century XVI. In San Jerónimo the married connection between Alfonso XIII and Eugenia Victory was celebrated. The fountain of Cibeles:  Settled in 1782 in the Hall the Prado of Madrid, next to the Palace of Buenavista, facing the fountain of Neptune (at the moment in the center of the seat of Cibeles, between the Stroll of Recoletos and the Stroll of the Prado). It includes the Cibeles goddess, Earth symbol, agriculture and the fecundity, on a car thrown by lions. The present seat was called Seat of Madrid in the beginning and in 1900 it took the name seat from Castelar. At the present time it is delimited by the great buildings of the Palace of Buenavista (Ministry of the War), Palace of Linares (House of America), Palace of Communications (post office) and Bank of Spain. The peculiar thing is that each one of these monuments belongs to a district different from Madrid. The ones in charge of their accomplishment were Francisco Gutiérrez (figure of the goddess and the car), Robert of Michel (the lions) and the adornista Miguel Ximénez, in agreement with the design of Luck Rodriguez. The goddess and the lions were carved in cardinal red marble of the town of Mostesclaros (Toledo), and the rest in stone of Redueña, locality nailed to 53 km of the north of Madrid, near the mountain range of the goatherd. History: It was an order that became to the Spanish architect Future Rodriguez who made the project between years 1777 and 1782. It seems to be that in principle this fountain went destined to the Gardens of the Farm of San Ildefonso in Segovia, but when it began to remodelar the wide Stroll of the Prado, the fountain was placed in front of the palace of Buenavista (who was Headquarters of the Army), closely together of him, to the entrance of the stroll of Recoletos and watching towards the other great fountain, the one of Neptune. Between her and the palace there were small buildings where the Inspection of Military services was located and later the Presidency of the Cabinet, until in 1780, all the group caught fire. Installed the fountain in 1782, it did not work until 1792. In 1895 the monument to the center of the seat was transferred, placing to the goddess watching at the first section of the street of Alcala. This transfer raised to much stir and critics that were reflected in the press of the time where the City council and the Academy of Beautiful Arts of San Fernando occurred to all the details of the controversy between. Until year 1981 there was no restoration. Description and utility of the fountain: the main figure is the Cibeles goddess, builds of the escultor Francisco Gutiérrez. It is mounted in a car ready on a rock that rises in the middle of the pylon. In his hands it takes a sceptre and a key and in the pedestal carved a large mask that escupía water over the lions until arriving at the pylon, plus a frog and a snake that always happen unnoticed. Two lions carved by the French Michel Robert, throw of the car. The lions represent the mythological personages Hipómenes (or Melaión) and Atalanta, the great hunting of the group of Morning call. Hipómanes fell in love with her and obtained its favors with the aid of Aphrodite and the trick of gold apples, but when committing the lovers sacrilege when they were united in a temple of Cibeles, Zeus became infuriated and he turned to them lions condemning to them to throw eternally of the car of the great goddess. The fountain was not only an artistic monument but that from the beginning had a utility for the Madrilenians. It had two sewers that stayed peasants until 1862. Of one the official water carriers provided themselves who used to be Asturian and Galician and took to the water until the houses and of the other the public of Madrid. In the pylon the cavalries drank. The water came from a water trip that, according to the tradition, dated from the Average Age of the time at which Madrid was Muslim. It had fame to have good curativas properties of any badly. The sewers were uncomfortable and difficult and were located in the place where today the jets jump. Indeed for that reason in 1862, the City council decided to change them by two artistic figures and of symbolic design for the villa of which the water flowed widely: a bear and a faucet (mythological animal equivalent to the lizard) that in addition were placed so that the approach of the people was facilitated. In 1895 it was the transfer of the fountain to the center of the seat. In the occasion of pertinent works new remodelings became. The monument was placed on four steps and it was surrounded to him by an iron door to avoid in this case the access. The fountain no longer fulfilled its assignment because most of the houses it had or it began to have running water, reason why the added one of the faucet and the bear took off, thus returning to the primitive project of Luck Rodriguez. In addition two affairs were added in the back; one (whose author is Miguel Angel You beat) spills water of an amphora, and the other (his author is Antonio Parera) maintains a conch. But with this change the water brought one of the old trip was not lost and to replace the fountain as so one were constructed little fountain with sewer in the corner of the seat, of the side of Post office. This fountain continued being everything a symbol for the town of Madrid that went there to fill pitchers, earthenware pitchers and bottles, like its ancestors. Source gave rise to that music dedicated a song to him: "Water of fountain, the best one than drinks Madrid..." In the middle of century XX the water of the fountain took control more artistic of added of jets and the diverse spurts forming cracked and adding the illumination of colorines that made the delights of the Madrilenian town. In the superior pool there are two vertical jets that reach the 5 ms of height, accompanied of a series of inclined spurts that send the water from the goddess to the external part. The Door of Alcala:  Is a monument that is in the seat of the Independence of Madrid, right in the center of the city, to two passages of the main entrance to the gardens of the Retirement. The street of Alcala crosses the seat and of her the streets of Alfonso XII, Serrano and Olózaga are born. Its name comes from the previous exit of Madrid towards Alcala de Henares. The Door of Alcala was sent to construct by king Carlos III, with the purpose of replacing other than it had previously in ruinous state, formed by two small towers. The engineer architect who constructed it was Sabatini. The work was inaugurated in 1778, not like monument, but like authentic door, in substitution of the named other previously. A side and another one it continued existing close that the city by the east protected and that would follow still on until 1869, year in which remodeló the present called seat "Seat of Independence". It consists of 5 bays, 3 with arc of average point and 2 with flat arc. In each one of the bays there was a grate (true doors), that were closed every day to the dusk. In the center, in the attic, there is a tablet that says in Latin: Carlos III Year 1778. A little above can see the shield of arms maintained by FAMA and a genius. Berroqueña is constructed in limestone stone of Colmenar (Madrid) on a stone bottom. The Door of Toledo: in the primitive one near the city constructed by Enrique IV a called door of Toledo already existed from where it left the way that went to this locality. In 1625, when being constructed near Felipe IV something near downtown was constructed to one second located door of Toledo more that the present one, in the present street of Toledo. The first projects of construction of the present door go back to the Napoleonic occupation, reign of Jose Bonaparte, when its construction is ordered to clean up the entrance to Madrid by the old dirt road of Andalusia. This first project would not get to execute itself since, after the expulsion of Jose Bonaparte, the municipal authorities ordered to a new design to Antonio architect Watered down Lopez, who projected the door like a triunfal arc dedicated to recovered Fernando VII. It was constructed between years 1817 and 1827. It is constructed in granite and formed by a central arc of average point and two adinteladas doors. The decoration consists of average columns fluted of jónico order to the sides of the central arc and pilasters of the same style in the lateral ones. One is crowned by a stone group designed by Jose Ginés and carved by Ramon Barba and Valeriano Salvatierra. On the fore door, in friso located under the main group, it was put to the inscription To Fernando VII, the Wished one, father of the Mother country, restituted to his towns, exterminated the French usurpation, the City council of Madrid consecrates east monument of fidelity, of triumph and of joy, Year MDCCCXXVII In the North facade it appears, maintained by two children, a shield with the arms of Madrid. On the lateral doors military trophies rest. It was the last door that was constructed in Madrid. At the present time one is located in the middle of a public square and surrounded by a landscaped space, reason why it does not exist passage of people or vehicles through her. The construction of underpasses under the door has produced that the land where it is based has yielded slightly and that the central arc is deformed of hardly perceivable way. It was recovered by the City council of Madrid in 1995. The Casino of the Queen: is a house of recreation or house of field with great gardens that the City council of Madrid gave to the queen Doña Isabel de Braganza, second wife of king Fernando VII, according to the agreement that was carried out the April 5th of 1817. Located in present (century XXI) the seat of Ambassadors and limited by the streets of Ambassadors, Opening of Ambassadors, Rounds and Shore of Tanners. In the dawn of century XXI the enclosure is occupied by a series of educational buildings and a library and the gardens have been very reduced and left. History: After to have made the agreement of the gift, the City council of Madrid was arranged to make the acquisition of lands and of the building and day 24 of April of 1817 it acquired the Orchard of Romero, whose propietary it was Manuel Romero, that had been minister of Justice in the times of Jose Bonaparte. Manuel Romero, as well, had bought the property in 1809 to the regular clergymen of San Cayetano and to this purchase it had added those of several houses and the municipal Warehouse of Oil and Fish (located all it in the street of the Sun, that in century XXI is called street of the Casino). Later it had commanded to construct a house-palace and it had embellished the place with a garden. At the end of 1817, the City council decided that the bought property was not the sufficiently great thing, thus is that it bought other four possessions to complete the surface, whose extension is the one that is known in the present time. The new ones added were: . A corral that belonged to leadership of Gil Imón (founded on century XVII by Don Balthasar Gil Imón of the Speck) . A corral whose facade gave the shore of Tanners, property of Don Manuel Martinez Wall . A house-factory of alfar, in the street of Sight the Sun, property of Don Ventura Mazarrón . A great lot that also contained a brick tile-factory, pertaining to Don Miguel Picazo Cocobriz. These two last properties came from the old Orchard of the Bay one Finally the property was formed in form of irregular hexagon, with an extension of 13 fanegas, 4 celemines and 160 feet of surface. Its perimeter was closed by close and abundant fruit trees and of shade stood. The garden got to be very beautiful, with strolls, fountains and you laugh, in addition to the buildings. The Real Theater of Madrid: is the theater of operates of the capital of Spain. It opened its doors in 1850 during the reign of Isabel II and took that name in front of because her promoter was the queen, building it the Real Palace. Before a ruin threat it was evacuated in 1925. It was built on a sandy ground (therefore a street is called that to him arrives) and the works of the station of Opera of the Meter of Madrid damaged their base. It returned to open his doors like concert hall in 1966. When happening the symphonic activity to the National Audience begins the reconversion to a theater of operates. From 1997 it lodges the season of opera of Madrid. The Station of Atocha: is the greater station of train of Madrid (Spain). It is located in the district of Atocha of the district of Arganzuela, in the Public square of the Emperor Carlos V. It is destination and transit of the lines of regional neighborhoods and that arrive at Madrid from the south, as well as of the trains of high speed (BIRD) of Seville and Lérida. The railway services are provided by the national company of trains, the RENFE. The building of the station of Atocha, constructed for railway company MZA (Madrid to Zaragoza and Alicante), was inaugurated the 9 of February of 1851 with the name of Station of Noon (Station of the South). It was the first station of train of Madrid. A fire destroyed great part of its structure. In 1888 the works of the new station begin, under the direction of Alberto of Palace Elissagne, a collaborator of Gustave Eiffel, which lasted four years. The ship had 152 meters in length, and 40 meters of light. The iron cover was constructed in Belgium with the system of rigid structure type Of Dion. The structure was closed by the end that gives to the public square of the Emperor Carlos V, in where is the characteristic facade. A work of art of the railway architecture is considered. Last extension and remodeling makes between years 1985 and 1992 (date in that the old station is out of service) and is work of the architect Rafael Moneo. The objective of the remodeling was to extend the capacity of the station creating a great interchanger that welcomed as much trains of neighborhoods and long-haul - among them the trains BIRD to Seville -, like meter, buses and a parking. The new buildings were designed like a new terminal located behind the old station, with little height so that they did not compete with that. The old building, already without platform, was turned a commercial space with stores, bars, a discotheque and 4,000 square meters of covered tropical garden. The physical union of the old station with the new facilities indicates the tower of the seen brick clock. The new terminal has a cylindrical body of seen brick and crystal, through which it accedes to the stations of neighborhoods and long-haul (actually, two different stations), meter and parking. To the being the underground station of neighborhoods, the cover serves as parking of deprived vehicles, protected as well by a grid of spherical aluminum caps. In the station of long-haul, also behind the old station, it emphasizes the horizontal cover, that it is sustained on strong concrete columns. The station is communicated with two Atocha, tube stations and Atocha the RENFE. This last one was added when the new terminal was constructed and communicates directly with the lobby of the new station. The station of Atocha jumped to the present time in the occasion of the Al Qaeda attacks of March 11 of 2004 in Madrid. Museums and galleries The Museum of Prado:  Is one of the great painting museums of the world. The Museum of the Prado was conceived initially by Carlos III like Cabinet of Natural History. The king already had ordered to his architect, Juan de Villanueva, a series of singular buildings to be destined to science. Thus, Villanueva projected the present museum, the Botanical Garden, located in the ample layout that was being carried out in the part of the Gardens of the Retirement which they gave facade towards the hall the Prado, already within the enclosure, the Astronomical observatory and in the opposite sidewalk the Platería Martinez, today disappeared (in its lot the one was built that now is Ministry of Health). The original project was approved by Carlos III in 1786. Juan de Villanueva was able to arrive at the culmination of his architectonic race with the construction of this building. The most ambitious work of the Spanish neoclassicism is considered. The construction sites were of many years of duration, throughout all the reign of Carlos IV. With the arrival from the French to Spain and the war of Independence they were interrupted. The building then was used for military aims (it was quarter of cavalry) and was undressed of all the lead roof that it had. Then its deterioration began that increased with the years, until in the reign of Fernando VII, her wife Isabel de Braganza wanted to recover it so that she did not arrive at a total ruin (1818). It was the great impeller of this project of recovery and to her she must the final success, although she did not live to savor it because a year died before the inauguration. As much Fernando VII as Isabel de Braganza contributed with numerous sums of money of their property. Painting works of and sculpture of the Real Palace took to many and of other real sites there. Badly been of the building it made an intervention in the building precise, in principle in charge of the own Villanueva and, to his death, of Antonio Watered down Lopez, who left it arranged to their opening in 1819. In November 19 of 1819 the Real Painting Museum was inaugurated (first denomination of the museum). He is then one of the museums older public of art of the world. In memory of the queen its name occurred to the made oval hall that at that time had a balconaje from which the gallery of sculpture of the ground floor could be observed. In this beginning the museum counted on 3 rooms and 311 pictures. In successive years it was increasing the number of art works and they went away opening more rooms. In 1872 the bottoms of the controversial Museum of the Trinidad, created from confiscated works of art by virtue of the Law of Confiscation of Mendizábal are gotten up (1836). The Museum of the Prado would be one of the first museums in following the model French of the Museum of the Louvre (inaugurated in 1793), whose main characteristics are, in addition to its governmental function -the art had been until then into the hands of high the social classes -, its educative and recreational function. The National Museum Center of Art Reigns Sofía: (MNCARS) it is the Spanish national museum of art of century XX (colloquially been brief to Museum Queen Sofía). It was inaugurated officially in September 10 of 1992 and its name makes honor to Reina Sofía of Spain. It is a dependent independent organism of the Ministry of Culture. It is located in Madrid, the area of Atocha, near the stations homonymous of train and meter, and is the South vertex of the well-known like Gold Triangle of the Art (located throughout the Stroll of the Prado and that in addition includes to the Museum of the Prado and the Museum Thyssen-Bornemisza). The museum counts on excellent brilliant collections of Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí. The most well-known work of the museum is without a doubt the Guernica. Also it has works of Gray Juan, Joan Watched, Julio González, Eduardo Chillida, Pablo Palazuelo, Antoni Tàpies, Pablo Gargallo, Lucio Muñoz, Luis Gordillo, Jorge Oteiza and Jose Luis Gutiérrez Solana, among others. It also lodges a specialized library of free access in art, whose bottoms ascend to more than 100,000 books, 3,500 sonorous recordings and near 1,000 videos. The central building of the museum was a hospital of century XVIII. Extensive renovations and additions took place as of 1980. In 1988 parts of the new museum they were opened to the public, mainly in temporary configurations; that same year was decreed national museum. A great extension, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel, is at the moment in its last phase of construction. Local celebrations . May 15: celebrations of San Isidro farmer, pattern of Madrid. . November 9: celebrations of Almudena's virgin, pattern of Madrid. |
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